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Volapük Grammatical Forms
The summary here was originally collated by Paul Bartlett from "An Introduction to Volapük" by Ed Robertson, from the ten-lesson postal course by Ralph Midgley, and from Volapük and English dictionaries. Material applies to Modern Volapük (Volapük Nulik) as revised by Arie de Jong. This reference is not intended to be a complete description of Volapük grammar.
CASES
- (s) |
Nominative |
-a(s) |
Genitive |
-e(s) |
Dative |
-i(s) |
Accusative |
-u(s) |
Predicative |
o |
Vocative
particle |
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
ob / obs |
I / we |
ol / ols |
you (1 person) / you (more than 1 person) |
om / oms |
he / they (all males) |
of / ofs |
she / they (all females) |
on / ons |
it / they (neuter or mixed gender) |
ok / oks |
(reflexive) |
od / ods |
(reciprocative) |
oy |
"one" |
os |
(impersonal {null subject}) |
|
|
or / ors |
"polite" forms of ol and ols
(hardly ever used except poetically) |
Part of Arie de
Jong's official modern grammar, but never used are og (you
or me) and ogs (you and me / you and us).
Some other pronouns are:
atos (this), etos (that), it (itself), ot
(the same thing), ut (whoever), kel, kelos (who/which:
relative, not question), kin (who?), kif (who? female).
kim (who? male), kis (what?), ek
(somebody), nek (nobody), bos (something), nos
(nothing), valikos (all, everything), öm (several, some),
öman (someone, such a one, such person), al (each, every).
VERB FORMS
p( )- |
Passive (pa- for present tense) |
e- |
Present Perfect |
ä- |
Imperfect |
i- |
Pluperfect |
o- |
Future |
u- |
Future Perfect |
ö- |
Future in the Past |
ü- |
Future in the Past Perfect |
-ön |
Infinitive |
-öd |
Imperative (added after personal ending) |
-ös |
Optative (added after personal ending) |
-öv |
Conditional (added after personal ending) |
-öl |
Participle (verbal adjective) |
--la |
Subjunctive (appended with hyphen) |
Whether a verb is
naturally transitive or intransitive varies from one word to the
next. Transitive verbs can be made intransitive by inserting the
affix -ik, and intransitive verbs made transitive by the
use of the affix -ük.
The affix -ik
can be used with intransitive verbs, and -ük with verbs
that are normally transitive. In these cases, they provide a kind
of medial voice or causative voice respectively.
AFFIXES
be- |
(make indirect object the direct object) |
-af |
names of animals |
dä- |
broken into pieces |
-ag |
abundance |
dei- |
until death |
-am |
verbal noun |
do- |
downward motion |
-an |
someone who is or does something |
du- |
movement through |
-at |
amount of |
fa- |
absence |
-av |
science |
fäi- |
shut |
-än |
country |
fe- |
complete consumption |
-äb |
recipient of, victim |
fi- |
to the end; completion |
-äd |
generalisation of effect |
hi- |
male |
-ät |
abstraction |
ji- |
female |
-ed |
particularisation |
ke- |
together |
-ef |
group of people |
la- |
raising up |
-el |
maker of |
läx- |
ex-; emeritus |
-em |
group of things |
le- |
size (physical or abstract);
ancestry (e.g., grandparent) |
-ep |
plant |
lu- |
disparagement; step relationship |
-er |
content(s) |
lü- |
in-law |
-et |
consequential or concrete example |
ne- |
opposite |
-iäl |
tendency, inclination |
ni- |
interior object |
-iär |
container |
nü- |
movement into |
-il |
diminutive |
plö- |
exterior object |
-im |
philosophy |
ru- |
primitive, ancient |
-od |
softer or less serious example |
sä- |
remission |
-ot |
harder or more serious example |
|
|
-ov |
possibility |
|
|
-öf |
quality |
|
|
-öm |
equipment |
|
|
-öp |
place |
|
|
-üd |
compass point |
|
|
-ül |
young of; endearment |
|
|
--li |
(with hyphen) interrogative, appended to verb |
ADJECTIVES
The comparative and
superlative of adjectives is formed by adding -um or -ün
respectively after the -ik and before any case or number
agreement. The prepositions used with the comparative and
superlative degrees are ka and se respectively.
INTERJECTIONS
The other parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions, and
interjections. These can exist as roots in themselves, with
no particular ending.
Ag! |
Ooh! |
Fi! |
Nonsense! |
Yöbö! |
Ha! |
Ha! |
Aha! |
He! |
Hey! |
Adyö! |
Bye! |
O! |
O! |
Ö! |
Wow! |
Yö! |
Hurrah! |
Nö! |
O no! |
Si! |
O yes! |
Ekö! |
Look!, Here is/are |
Sö! |
I say! |
Any other suitable
words can also be made into interjections simply by adding the
final vowel -ö. For example:
Danö! |
Thanks! |
Seilö! |
Shut up! |
Fümö! |
Of course! |
Spidö! |
Get a move on! |
Liedö! |
Dear me! |
Stopö! |
Halt! |
Prüdö! |
Look out! |
Zedö! |
Make way! |
CONJUNCTIONS
ab |
but |
asa, asä |
as, as well as |
zu, zuo |
moreover |
bi |
because |
ibä |
for, because |
üf |
even if, in case of, insofar as |
do |
though |
das |
that |
u(d){...u(d)} |
{either...}or |
du |
while |
toä |
yet (despite) |
ni{..ni} |
neither{...nor} |
e(d) |
and |
too |
yet (however), nevertheless |
klu |
so |
if |
if |
va |
whether |
ka |
than |
ü(d) |
or (Latin sive) |
ven |
when |
dat |
so that |
äsi |
such as |
ä |
and* |
(*This conjunction is sometimes used with multiple
adjectives modifying the same substantive.)
Any other suitable
words can also be made into conjunctions simply by adding the
final vowel -ä. For example:
bisä |
provided that |
kodä |
by reason of which |
büä |
before |
pasä |
only when |
güä |
on the other hand |
toä |
despite, in spite of |
PREPOSITIONS
da |
through |
me |
by means of |
ma |
according to |
pro |
for |
de |
of/from/off |
nen |
without |
nen |
without |
ad |
for, to, in order to |
dis |
under |
ko |
with |
po |
behind (place) |
za, zao |
about |
fa |
by (person) |
bü |
before (time); ago |
vü |
between, among |
pos |
after |
fo |
in front of |
su |
on |
in |
in |
se |
out (of), from |
ini |
into |
sus |
above |
ta |
against |
as, äs |
as |
tö |
at, in |
lä |
by (position), with |
du |
during |
len |
at, on |
pö |
at |
bevü |
between, among |
binü |
(made) of |
ve |
along |
sis |
since |
to |
in spite of |
sa |
together with |
plas |
instead (of) |
ünü |
within (a time) |
dö |
about, in |
lü |
to (= direction) |
tü |
at, on (= time) |
jü |
up to |
gü |
contrary to |
ün |
at, in, on (time) |
love |
over |
pla |
besides |
bai |
according to |
Some prepositions can take an ending -i to show motion.
Any other suitable
words can also be made prepositions by the simple addition of -ü.
For example:
demü |
with regard to |
nilü |
near to |
donü |
below |
domü |
at the house of |
binü |
made of |
travärü |
across |
gönü |
in favour of |
labü |
comprising |
vätälü (+ noun) |
considering |
nemü |
in the name of |
kodü |
because of |
vegü |
on the way to |
tefü |
concerning, with regard to |
VARIOUS ADVERBS (derived adverbs ordinarily end in -o)
ai |
always |
us |
there |
vio |
how (relative) |
tu |
too (excessively) |
ba |
perhaps |
ya |
already |
löpo |
above |
anu |
at this moment, now |
i(d) |
also |
ye |
however |
ti |
almost |
go |
quite, very |
is |
here |
nu |
now |
nog |
yet (still) |
ga |
certainly, indeed |
mu |
extremely |
kö |
where (relative) |
neai |
never |
jünu |
up to now |
plu |
more |
kü |
when (relative) |
sevabo |
namely, that is |
igo |
even |
te |
only |
lio |
how (question) |
täno |
then |
igo no |
not even |
enu |
recently |
zu |
in addition, moreover |
ebo |
just |
sosus |
as soon as |
suno |
soon |
alna |
each time |
ömna |
sometimes |
The questions where?
and when? are kiöpo? and kiüpo?
respectively. These are formed from ki- then the affix of
place or time respectively (-öp- or -üp-), then the
adverb ending.
As for the whence?
(= from where?) and the whither? (= to where?), these two
adverbs are expressed in Volapük simply and logically by the
endings -ao = from where? and -io = to where? as
in: domao = from the house, and domio = to the house
NUMERICS
Numbers follow their noun.
bal |
1 |
degbal |
11 |
teldegbal |
21 |
|
foldeg |
40 |
tel |
2 |
degtel |
12 |
teldegtel |
22 |
|
luldeg |
50 |
kil |
3 |
degkil |
13 |
teldegkil |
23 |
|
mäldeg |
60 |
fol |
4 |
|
|
teldegfol |
24 |
|
veldeg |
70 |
lul |
5 |
|
|
teldeglul |
25 |
|
jöldeg |
80 |
mäl |
6 |
|
|
teldegmäl |
26 |
|
züldeg |
90 |
vel |
7 |
|
|
teldegvel |
27 |
|
tum |
100 |
jöl |
8 |
|
|
teldegjöl |
28 |
|
mil |
1000 |
zül |
9 |
|
|
teldegzül |
29 |
|
balion |
1 000 000
(10^6) |
deg |
10 |
teldeg
|
20 |
kildeg
|
30 |
|
telion |
10^12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
kilion |
10^18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
etc. |
|
teltumkildegfolmil lultummäldegvel
234 567
folbalion jöltumveldegmälmil kiltumteldegzül
4 876 329
dim |
0,1 |
zim |
0,01 |
mim |
0,001 |
dimmim |
0,0001 |
zimmim |
0,00001 |
balyim |
0,000001 |
The fractional part
should be read as if an integer number, followed by the decimal
fraction word to give the order of magnitude. Thus:
0,345 = kiltumfoldeglul mim
0,123456 = tumteldegkilmil foltumluldegmäl balyim
For smaller
magnitudes telyim (10^-12), kilyim
(10^-18) etc. are formed in the same way as their high magnitude
counterparts telion, kilion, etc.
Ordinal numerals
are formed by the suffix -id;
Fractional numerals are formed by the suffix -dil;
Repetition or multiplication is expressed by the suffix -na.
CALENDAR
Monday |
mudel |
January |
janul |
August |
gustul |
Tuesday |
tudel |
February |
febul |
September |
setul |
Wednesday |
vedel |
March |
mäzul |
October |
tobul |
Thursday |
dödel |
April |
prilul |
November |
novul |
Friday |
fridel |
May |
mayul |
December |
dekul |
Saturday |
zädel |
June |
yunul |
|
|
Sunday |
sudel |
July |
yulul |
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TIME
binos minuts deg pos düp balid = It's 1:10
binos foldil pos düp balid = It's 1:15
binos düpalaf pos bal = It's 1:30
binos minuts teldeg bü düp telid = It's 1:40
binos foldil bü tel = It's 1:45
binos sekuns kildeg bü düp tel = It's thirty seconds to two o’clock
As you will see,
the system is very flexible. There's a long way round (pos/bü
düp balid) or a short way round (pos/bü bal) depending on your
preference. To express a.m. simply say göda = of the morning;
to express p.m. say poszedelo = after the middle of the day. The
twenty-four hour clock works just as well, and saves a word or two.
Thus 15:35 is Binos minuts teldeglul bü düp degmäl. Again, use
whatever suits you best!
Question: DÜP KINID BINOS-LI?
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